CASE 語句在sql server跟其它程序語言中的switch功能類似,用于計算條件列表并返回多個可能結果表達式之一。
在sql server中CASE具有兩種格式:
a.簡單 CASE 函數將某個表達式與一組簡單表達式進行比較以確定結果。
b.CASE 搜索函數計算一組布爾表達式以確定結果。
以上兩種格式都支持可選的 ELSE 參數。
常見的幾種CASE語句的用法如下所示:
1.CASE 函數用于計算多個條件并為每個條件返回單個值。CASE 函數通常的用途是使用可讀性更強的值替換代碼或縮寫。
下面的查詢使用 CASE 函數重命名書籍的分類,以使之更易理解。
USE pubs
SELECT
CASE type
WHEN 'popular_comp' THEN 'Popular Computing'
WHEN 'mod_cook' THEN 'Modern Cooking'
WHEN 'business' THEN 'Business'
WHEN 'psychology' THEN 'Psychology'
WHEN 'trad_cook' THEN 'Traditional Cooking'
ELSE 'Not yet categorized'
END AS Category,
CONVERT(varchar(30), title) AS "Shortened Title",
price AS Price
FROM titles
WHERE price IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY 1
2.使用帶有簡單 CASE 函數和 CASE 搜索函數的 SELECT 語句
CASE 函數的另一個用途給數據分類。下面的查詢使用 CASE 函數對價格分類。
SELECT
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Not yet priced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Very Reasonable Title'
WHEN price >= 10 and price < 20 THEN 'Coffee Table Title'
ELSE 'Expensive book!'
END AS "Price Category",
CONVERT(varchar(20), title) AS "Shortened Title"
FROM pubs.dbo.titles
ORDER BY price
3.使用帶有 SUBSTRING 和 SELECT 的 CASE 函數
下面的示例使用 CASE 和 THEN 生成一個有關作者、圖書標識號和每個作者所著圖書類型的列表。
USE pubs
SELECT SUBSTRING((RTRIM(a.au_fname) + ' '+
RTRIM(a.au_lname) + ' '), 1, 25) AS Name, a.au_id, ta.title_id,
Type =
CASE
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'BU' THEN 'Business'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'MC' THEN 'Modern Cooking'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PC' THEN 'Popular Computing'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'PS' THEN 'Psychology'
WHEN SUBSTRING(ta.title_id, 1, 2) = 'TC' THEN 'Traditional Cooking'
END
FROM titleauthor ta JOIN authors a ON ta.au_id = a.au_id
4.在Group by子句中使用CASE子句
比方說下面的 GROUP BY 子句中的 CASE:
SELECT 'Number of Titles', Count(*)
FROM titles
GROUP BY
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain'
WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average'
ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives'
END
GO
你甚至還可以組合這些選項,添加一個 ORDER BY 子句,如下所示:
USE pubs
GO
SELECT
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain'
WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average'
ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives'
END AS Range,
Title
FROM titles
GROUP BY
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain'
WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average'
ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives'
END,
Title
ORDER BY
CASE
WHEN price IS NULL THEN 'Unpriced'
WHEN price < 10 THEN 'Bargain'
WHEN price BETWEEN 10 and 20 THEN 'Average'
ELSE 'Gift to impress relatives'
END,
Title
GO
注意,為了在 GROUP BY 塊中使用 CASE,查詢語句需要在 GROUP BY 塊中重復 SELECT 塊中的 CASE 塊。